Automobile distribution has also gained momentum in line with increasing urbanization and the transformation of the way goods are distributed. It has profoundly changed the urbanorganization of distribution and trade activities in Europe since the 1960s.
The concentration of mass consumer outlets on the outskirts of cities was the biggest factor. A certain spatial division of labor was achieved, with trucks providing these outlets and cars allowing households to access them.
The question explored here concerns the development of e-commerce. At the very least, it should be examined whether commercial activities lead to transformations that will significantly change the urbanorganization.
This is clearly forward-looking practice. Because e-commerce is still a very new phenomenon to observe its impact on commercial infrastructures. But changes can happen quite quickly.
Let's not forget that the current forms of commerce and commercial urbanplanning in Europe were essentially located between the mid-1960s and the end of the 1980s.
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It is therefore linked to the evolution of forms of competition in the distribution of goods and services as well as lifestyles. In the context of the development of electronic commerce, it is not ignored that transformations of the same magnitude may occur.
It is necessary to guide the development trajectories of the urbanorganization of commercial activities, defining spatial and industrial variables. It is important to be able to predict them through analytical planes that make it possible to sketch some development scenarios.
Here we try to explain what we mean by e-commerce. We aim to describe the partial digitization of functions that characterize any business activity.
Focusing on the final trade requires breaking it down into functions. It analyzes the possibility of digitization and thus making it independent of a physical infrastructure.
It turned out that there are still strong constraints that force the maintenance of the physical infrastructure depending on the functions. Combining physical and virtual environments, commerce continues to take root in space.
The second part examines the problem of intra-urbanlocation of final trade infrastructures. It is relevant to the discussion of the polycentric evolution of cities.
The possible questioning of the distribution of commercial activities in the city over the past three decades is analyzed.
There are four key variables that will determine the spatial patterns of business activities:
• extent of expansion of the online sales model (niche market or mass market),
• consumption externalities,
• social externalities,
• transport of goods and movement of people.
ELECTRONIZATION OF TRADE
Implicitly or explicitly, e-commerce is often assimilated into a virtual marketplace without its own physical location.
Buyers, sellers, intermediaries continue to be physically located. But the physical infrastructure that supports the exchange of goods has to disappear altogether, even when it comes to intangible goods.
Two spatial consequences follow. First, they no longer have to solve the problem of accessing commercial infrastructure.
Buyers and sellers do not have any location restrictions on virtualized commercial venues in order to perform their transactions.
Conversely, urban centrality will no longer be defined by reference to the places structured in commercial societies.
At this point where electronic marketplaces replace real marketplaces, all business places (central, peripheral, diffuse) are affected. Commerce ceases to be an important marker of urban space.
This framework is often criticized and considered a naive version of electronic commerce. However, it continues to maintain its importance as it is consistent with the generally accepted e-commerce understanding.
To get rid of this, we should question the concept of electronic commerce and propose a spatial-functional analysis of commerce and the digitalization process on this basis.
Challenges in Defining E-commerce
The concept of trading is rarely defined precisely. What exactly is e-commerce?
This definition is very sensitive. According to the information mentioned above, we understand that e-commerce is de facto reduced to online sales.
That's why statisticians suggest including a transaction that involves an online agreement between the buyer and seller to transfer ownership.
Therefore, they try to measure the share of online sales in total sales. This criterion has the property of being explicit.
According to him, purchasing a product online constitutes e-commerce, even if the payment or delivery is not made online.
However, this does not apply to a computer selected on a website but later purchased over the phone.
This understanding of e-commerce is too restrictive to analyze the possible transformations, especially in the urbanorganization of commercial activities.
Dr.Yaşam Ayavefe
